THE LIVING ARCHIVE

From punched cards to autonomous collaborators: the ideas, people, languages and systems that taught machines to follow—and increasingly interpret—human intent.

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Tag: apollo-program

IBM IMS and the Hierarchical Database Model Before Relational Systems

IBM's IMS grew from an Apollo-era parts-tracking problem into a durable hierarchical database and transaction-processing system, illustrating both the strengths and constraints of navigational data models before relational databases.

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