The Institute for Advanced Study machine paired a widely copied stored-program architecture with published coding methods, spreading both a hardware model and a style of numerical instruction programming.
The MESI family of cache-coherence protocols let multiprocessors keep private copies of shared memory while preserving the illusion that processors still agree on the values of shared cache lines.
Babbage's Analytical Engine was never completed, but its design separated memory, processing, input, output and programmable control in ways that make it a crucial ancestor of general-purpose computing.
The EDVAC design and John von Neumann's widely circulated 1945 report helped spread a new architecture in which instructions could be represented in the same memory system used for numerical data.