Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu imagined a universal electronic literature built from two-way links, persistent versions, transclusion and attribution decades before the World Wide Web made simpler hypertext ubiquitous.
Douglas Engelbart's NLS demonstration combined hypertext, collaborative editing, a mouse, multiple views and remote video into a working system for augmenting collective intellectual work.
Vannevar Bush's 1945 Memex proposal imagined a personal information machine built around associative trails rather than rigid indexes, anticipating central ideas in hypertext and knowledge navigation.