Goldstine and von Neumann’s 1947 planning reports used flow diagrams and assertions to make program structure visible before coding, helping establish diagramming as part of programming method.
ENIAC’s 1948 conversion replaced much of its plugboard-style setup with coded instructions selected from function-table switches, dramatically changing how the machine was programmed while exposing competing meanings of “stored program.”
The Institute for Advanced Study machine paired a widely copied stored-program architecture with published coding methods, spreading both a hardware model and a style of numerical instruction programming.
Merge sort emerged from John von Neumann’s early stored-program work as a disciplined way to turn sorting into smaller sorting problems plus a linear merge, establishing a pattern that remains fundamental to algorithm design.
The EDVAC design and John von Neumann's widely circulated 1945 report helped spread a new architecture in which instructions could be represented in the same memory system used for numerical data.