THE LIVING ARCHIVE

From punched cards to autonomous collaborators: the ideas, people, languages and systems that taught machines to follow—and increasingly interpret—human intent.

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Tag: second-system-effect

IBM OS/360 and the Second-System Effect: When Software Complexity Outran the Plan

OS/360 became both a triumph of platform compatibility and a warning about software megaproject complexity, inspiring Fred Brooks's enduring lessons about schedules, communication, and second systems.

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